What happens in the EP lab.

A catheter procedure that electrically isolates the pulmonary veins — the most common source of AFib triggers — to restore and maintain normal rhythm.

A catheter procedure that interrupts the short-circuit loop driving atrial flutter. For the common 'typical' form of flutter, a single carefully placed line of ablation cures the rhythm in the great majority of patients.

A short, highly effective catheter procedure that intentionally interrupts the heart's natural electrical bridge between the upper and lower chambers, controlling fast heart rates from AFib when medications can't. It requires a pacemaker.

A catheter procedure that targets and eliminates the small abnormal circuit responsible for supraventricular tachycardia. Most SVTs are curable in a single ablation, with success rates around 95–98%.

A catheter procedure that maps and eliminates the heart-tissue circuits responsible for ventricular tachycardia. Strategy and outcomes depend heavily on whether the VT is from a structurally normal heart or from underlying scar.

A diagnostic catheter procedure that maps the heart's electrical system in detail — used to identify the source of arrhythmias, test for inducibility of dangerous rhythms, and guide treatment decisions including ablation.

An ultrasound of the heart taken from inside the esophagus, using a flexible probe similar to an upper endoscopy. The view from behind the heart is much clearer than a standard echo and lets us rule out clots before AF ablation or cardioversion.

A brief, planned procedure under sedation that delivers a synchronized electrical shock to reset the heart from an abnormal rhythm — most commonly atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter — back into normal sinus rhythm.

A specialized procedure to remove pacemaker or defibrillator leads that have become infected, malfunctioning, or are causing vein blockage. Modern tools (laser and mechanical sheaths) make extraction possible even for leads implanted many years ago.

A three-day inpatient hospitalization to start dofetilide safely. The drug controls AFib well in selected patients, but its narrow therapeutic window requires careful ECG monitoring at every dose for the first 72 hours.

A controlled test of how your blood pressure and heart rate respond to standing. Used to diagnose vasovagal fainting and forms of autonomic intolerance like POTS.